What defines 'transfusion-associated circulatory overload' (TACO)?

Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is characterized specifically by fluid overload resulting from a blood transfusion. This condition occurs when the volume of blood or blood components transfused exceeds the capacity of the patient's circulatory system to manage it. Symptoms often manifest shortly after the transfusion, including hypertension, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), and signs of pulmonary edema.

TACO primarily arises due to the introduction of excess fluid into the vascular system, which can lead to increased blood volume and elevated pressure within the heart and lungs. It is particularly a concern in patients with pre-existing heart conditions, renal impairment, or the elderly, who may be less able to tolerate additional fluid.

Understanding that TACO is fundamentally a result of fluid overload helps healthcare providers monitor patients closely during and after transfusions, ensuring they are aware of the signs and symptoms that indicate this complication.